Climate change

The indicator measures the quantity of Waste from Economic Activities co-incinerated in production plants across the country, totally or partially replacing traditional fuels. In 2024, approximately 1.8 million tons of Waste from Economic Activities  were recovered in co-incineration plants. Compared to 2023, the quantities recovered showed a decrease of almost 68,000 tons (-3.7%). With reference to the macro-geographical areas, the data show that the majority of special waste is recovered in the North (77.1% of the total), followed by Central Italy, with 11.6%, and the South with 11.3%.

The indicator describes the trend of intense cold weather in Italy, more precisely, it expresses the number of days with an absolute minimum air temperature less than or equal to 0°C. In 2025, a decrease of 15.4 days with frost was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

In 2024, approximately 1.1 million tonnes of Waste from Economic Activities were sent for incineration, of which almost 640 thousand tonnes (59.1% of the total) were non-hazardous and over 443 thousand tonnes (40.9%) were hazardous. Overall, 78 operational incineration plants treated this waste, of which 43 were located in Northern Italy, 8 in Central Italy and 27 in Southern Italy. Consistent with the geographical distribution of incineration capacity, the largest share was treated in plants located in Northern Italy (82.4% of the total, corresponding to 892 thousand tonnes), followed by Southern Italy with 14.4% (156 thousand tonnes) and Central Italy with 3.2% (almost 35 thousand tonnes). 

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy, more precisely, it expresses the number of days with maximum air temperatures above 25°C. In 2025, an increase of 8.4 summer days was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy, specifically expressing the number of days with minimum air temperatures above 20°C. In 2025, an increase of 10.1 tropical nights was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy. A heat wave is an event lasting at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature is above the 90th percentile of the distribution of daily maximum temperatures in the same period of the year over a thirty-year climatological period. The indicator counts the number of days characterized by a heat wave, as defined, in a year. In 2025, an increase of 16.2 days of heat waves was observed compared to the average value calculated for the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

The indicator describes the amount and distribution of precipitation in Italy. In 2025, cumulative annual precipitation in Italy was overall close to the 1991-2020 climatic average (+1%). The precipitation anomaly was negative in the South and Islands (-5%), positive in the North (+7%), and close to average in Central Italy.

The indicator describes the trend of average temperatures in Italy. The increase in average temperatures recorded in Italy over the last thirty years is often greater than the global average on land. In 2025, the anomaly, compared to the 1991-2020 climatological average, in the average temperature in Italy (+1.03 °C) was greater than the global average on land (+0.85 °C). In Italy, 2025 was the fourth warmest year in the entire annual series since 1961. Since 2000, anomalies compared to the 1991-2020 climatological baseline have always been positive, with the exception of four years (2004, 2005, 2010, and 2013).

In 1997, gross electricity production was clearly dominated by conventional power-only plants (158.2 TWh out of a total of 200.2 TWh), with cogeneration accounting for 42 TWh (21%). In 2024, conventional electricity production was 60.2 TWh, while cogeneration accounted for 91.2 GWh (60.2%) out of a total of 151.4 TWh.

The share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption in European Union countries over the twenty-year period considered grew in Italy, reaching 19.4% in 2024. This figure is still far from the 38.7% target to be reached by 2030. The country currently ranks below the EU27 average (which reached 25.2% in 2024) and significantly behind leading countries such as Sweden (62.8%), Finland (52.1%), and Denmark (46.5%). The target that the EU27 should reach is around 42.5%.

The indicator provides an assessment of the trend of water volumes measured in bed sections of some of the main Italian waterways compared to the previous year and decade. For 2025 it was possible to represent the flow data for 6 closing sections of as many waterways of national importance (Po, Arno, Adige, Bacchiglione, Serchio and Tiber). In 2025, the annual volumes that have flown into the measurement sections, have significant increases compared to the previous decade, with increases of between 12% and 40%, with the exception of the sections on Adige for which it was not possible to evaluate the annual volumes due to the unavailability of the flow data in the months from June to September 2025 and the Tiber for which there was a decrease of just under 20%.

This indicator considers gross electricity production in Italy broken down by source from 1990 to 2024. Total generation went from 216.6 TWh in 1990 to a peak of 314.1 TWh in 2007, before settling at 271 TWh in 2024. The energy mix has undergone a profound structural transformation: traditional thermoelectric power, while remaining the leading source with 152.1 TWh in 2024 (56.1% of the total), has reduced its weight compared to the past. At the same time, the combination of wind and photovoltaic rose from just 6 GWh in 1990 to 58.3 TWh in 2024 (21.5% of the total), joining hydroelectric production (54.8 TWh), geothermal production (5.7 TWh) and bioenergy (17.2 TWh). The contribution of all renewable sources (hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic and bioenergy), net of production from pumped storage and storage, was approximately 50%.

The indicator provides information on normalized gross hydroelectric energy production (in TWh) and gross efficient power (in GW) in Italy from 1931 to 2024, with the aim of analyzing their temporal trends and assessing any significant trends, including those related to climate change. Hydroelectric production, in fact, is an energy source strictly dependent on meteorological and climate variables, which has led, and will lead over time, to a reduction in water availability and greater difficulty in its management. Adding the effects of climate change to the impact of human use, future scenarios generally estimate a decline in potential hydroelectric production. Installed capacity has grown steadily from 3.7 GW in 1931 to 23.6 GW in 2024. Normalized hydroelectric production went from 11.8 TWh in 1935 to a peak of 52.7 TWh in 2014, before settling at between 43 and 47 TWh over the last decade, reaching 45.5 TWh in 2024.

This indicator analyzes the evolution of electricity production from renewable sources in Italy from 1990 to 2024 (expressed in TWh), showing data by type of energy source. Total renewable production grew from 34.9 TWh in 1990 to 134.4 TWh in 2024, a nearly fourfold increase. The structure of renewable generation has radically transformed: while in 1990 the hydroelectric (31.6 TWh) and geothermal (3.2 TWh) components accounted for all green energy, in 2024 the contribution is highly diversified thanks to the contribution of photovoltaic (36 TWh), wind (22.3 TWh), bioenergy (17.2 TWh), and hydroelectric (53.1 TWh). In percentage terms, photovoltaic covers 27%, wind 17%, hydroelectric 40%, bioenergy 13%, and geothermal 4%.

The indicator provides information on the variation in hourly peak electricity demand during the summer period (May-September) for cooling compared to peak demand for all other uses. The values ​​show an increasing trend over the period analyzed, with different rates for the different months and particularly significant in June and July. In 2000, peak values ​​ranged from 43.30 GW in May to 47.38 GW in July, while in 2024, maximum power absorbed reached 57.81 GW in July, confirming a structural growth in peak load driven by summer air conditioning. With the increase in average global temperatures, future scenarios predict a reduction in energy consumption for space heating and an increase for cooling: the overall effect on energy demand will depend on the trend of local and seasonal meteorological parameters as well as the structure of energy supply.

In 2024, every million euros of added value in the Italian paper industry (€9.02 billion, 2020 prices) generated ≈ 420 t of CO₂, 3.20 kg of SOx, 0.41 t of NOx, 4.4 g of NMVOCs, and 0.04 t of PM10. Compared to 2023, only the intensity of CO2 (-2.1%) and SOx (-7.6%) decreased, while NOx, NMVOCs, and PM10 increased (all +8.3%). In the long-term comparison (1990-2024), two opposing stories emerge: SOx –99% (strong push towards the use of natural gas in the sector) and NMVOCs –99% (cessation of some production processes characterised by this type of emission), against CO₂ +20.4%, NOx +23.7% and PM10 +16.3%, which reflect the increase in the sector's energy needs.

In 2024, for every million euros of added value, the Italian non-metallic mineral products industry emitted 1,909 t of CO₂, compared to 1.8 t of SOx, 2.6 t of NOx, 1.08 t of NMVOCs, and 3.4 t of PM10. Compared to 1990, the emission intensity of all pollutants has decreased, albeit with significant differences. The most marked reduction concerns NOx, which decreased by 69%, while the reduction for other pollutants is more limited: SOx -59%, NMVOCs -23%, CO2 -33%, PM10 -25%. Over the past year, the indicator has improved only for SOx (-2.2%) and NOx (-2%), while for all other substances the emission intensity has increased slightly (CO₂ +2%, NMVOC +3%, PM10 +3.5%).

The ratio of final energy consumption to gross domestic energy consumption measures the overall efficiency of energy conversion from primary sources. The difference between these two measures corresponds to losses in conversion processes (such as electricity generation and oil refining), internal consumption by electricity generation plants, and losses in distribution. The percentage rate highlights the share of energy reaching the end user compared to the total energy fed into the system. This ratio for Italy stands at 81.3% in 2024, with a total energy volume of 113.7 Mtoe. This percentage value is consistently above the European Union (EU27) average, which in 2024 recorded a ratio of 74.0% out of a total of 939.3 Mtoe.

Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a potentially toxic benthic microalgae, present today in most of the Italian coastal regions with blooms that can give rise to phenomena of human intoxication and toxic effects on benthic marine organisms (states of suffering or mortality). The continuous expansion along the Italian coasts of Ostreopsis cf. ovata, its blooms and the health, environmental and economic problems associated with it, has led to the establishment of a monitoring program for the surveillance of microalgae since 2007. This activity is carried out annually in the summer season by the Regional Environment Agencies (ARPA). The data so far provided by ARPA, collected and processed by ISPRA, have clarified the distribution and trend of flowering at national and regional level. To date, microalgae has been found at least once in the monitoring campaigns so far carried out in 13 out of 15 coastal regions. In 2025, the Ostreopsis cf. ovata is present in 13 coastal regions or in 152/202 stations (75%), while it is absent in all samples taken along the coasts of Emilia-Romagna and Veneto.

The indicator provides a representation of the trend of the average monthly temperatures recorded in the provincial capital city/region during 2025, compared with that of the average monthly temperatures calculated for the same locations on the thirty-year period 1961-1990. During 2025 there was a general increase in average monthly temperatures compared to the reference period, with exceedances of the reference values on average for 11 months and in particular in the winter months. It is mainly the cities of the North where temperature increases take on significant values in particular in January, February and December. It should be noted that in the summer months the increases in temperature values, in most of the capitals, were on average lower than in the remaining months of the year.

In 2024, for every million euros of added value, the Italian metallurgical industry, which includes the steel and non-ferrous metals sectors, emitted 653.4 t of CO₂, compared to 0.8 t of SOx, 1.5 t of NOx, 1.2 t of NMVOCs, and 13.5 t of CO. Compared to 1990, emission intensities show a marked reduction for all pollutants: SOx emissions have almost disappeared (-93.2%), CO emissions have decreased by 80.5%, NOx by 72.3%, CO2 by 73.6%, while the reduction in NMVOCs is more limited (-41.3%). In 2024, compared to 2023, the indicator improves, confirming the decrease for all pollutants (CO₂ - 14.6%, SOx -10.6%, NOx -8.6%, NMVOC -3.7%, CO -16.1%).

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy, more precisely, it expresses the number of days with maximum air temperatures above 35°C. In 2025, an increase of 7.0 torrid days was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

In 2024, for every million euros of added value, the Italian chemical industry emitted 2,139 t of CO₂, compared to 0.6 t of SOx, 0.8 t of NOx, 0.3 t of NMVOCs, and 1.8 t of CO. Compared to 1990, SOx and NOx emission intensities have almost disappeared (-97.6% and -92.7%), while CO₂ emissions have decreased by 38%, highlighting how energy decarbonization continues to represent one of the main challenges for the sector. Over the past year, the indicator has decreased for almost all pollutants (CO₂ -16.8%, NOx -1.6%, NMVOC -7.2%, CO -28.4%) with the exception of SOx, whose intensity increased by 20% compared to 2023. Overall, the trend highlights a progressive reduction in emissions per unit of value added, in line with the economic growth of the sector. Calculated for the period 1990-2024 and updated annually with ISPRA and Istat data, the indicator offers an immediate view of the trend in the intensity of atmospheric emissions for the entire chemical sector, in line with the information communicated annually to the European Commission under the Community's greenhouse gas emissions monitoring mechanism.

The indicator represents the historical series of national greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2024, by sector of origin. The analysis of the data shows, in 2024, a significant reduction in emissions compared to 1990 (-30.2%), explained by the economic recession which has slowed down consumption in recent years but also by a greater use of renewable energy, with a consequent reduction in CO emissions ₂  of the energy sector (-30.2% compared to 1990).

The indicator represents, over the period 1990 - 2024, the trend in greenhouse gas emissions in Italy per inhabitant and compared to GDP. There is a decrease for both, accentuated by the growth of population and GDP, which therefore highlights a decoupling between determinants and pressures.

The indicator consists of the emission quotas generated by plants subject to the quota trading system (EU emissions trading, EU ETS), established with Directive 2003/87/EC, and the emissions of all sectors not covered by the ETS system, i. e. Small-medium industry, transport, civil, agriculture and waste, according to Decision 406/2009/EC (Effort Sharing Decision, ESD) until 2020 and according to the Effort Regulation Sharing (ESR 2018/842) from 2021. Emissions from non-ETS sectors in 2020 were below the required target of 37 MtCO2eq. In 2021 and 2022 ESR emissions are in line with what is required by the annual target, while from 2023 they are above the target, by 0.6 MtCO ₂ eq in 2023 and 9.6 MtCO ₂ eq in 2024.

Final electricity consumption grew constantly from 1990 to 2008 and then decreased due to the economic crisis. Following the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, consumption in 2020 decreased by 5.7% compared to the previous year with a rebound of 6.2% in 2021 followed by a decrease in subsequent years. In 2024 there is a decrease of 2.8% compared to 2021, reaching a value of 24.4 Mtoe. The share of consumption in industry has fallen from 51.7% in 1990 to 37.6% in 2024, that of the tertiary and residential sectors has increased from 43.2% to 56.9%, that of agriculture and fishing has changed very little, going from 2% to around 2.4%, while that of transport, with some fluctuations, remains around 3%.

The indicator measures how many MJ of fossil fuel are needed to produce one kWh of electricity, thus monitoring the efficiency of our energy system. From 1996 to 2024, specific consumption decreased by 21.6% (gross production) and 23.3% (net production). This is a clearly positive trend, which certifies how thermoelectric power plants have over time become capable of producing more energy while wasting fewer resources with a consequent increase in the efficiency of the electricity production of the thermoelectric park.

The analysis of the composition of gross domestic energy consumption highlights a progressive reduction in the historical role of petroleum products. This decline corresponds to the growth of natural gas and renewable sources, which in 2024 reached shares of 36% and 21% respectively. Such diversification of the energy basket, driven by renewables, generates a positive impact on the security of supplies and on Italy's rate of energy self-sufficiency, historically among the lowest within the panorama of industrialized countries. Over the last 35 years, renewables have grown almost five times, going from 6.47Mtoe to 29.76Mtoe.

The indicator describes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CH₄, N₂O and CO₂) released into the atmosphere by the agricultural sector, mainly resulting from livestock management and fertilizer use. It also assesses the sector's contribution to total national greenhouse gas emissions and progress towards emission reduction targets.

Since 1990, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture have shown an overall downward trend. However, further emission reduction measures will be required to achieve the targets established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Paris Agreement and relevant European legislation. In particular, under the Effort Sharing Regulation (EU) 2023/857, Italy is required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the sectors covered by the Regulation—including agriculture, buildings, transport, waste and industrial installations not covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)—by 43.7% by 2030, compared with 2005 levels.

In 2024, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture accounted for 10.8% of total emissions from the sectors covered by the Effort Sharing Regulation, while emissions from the agricultural sector were 15.2% lower than in 2005.

The indicator measures the energy consumed by end users and the total energy consumed by the country. Since 1990, there has been an increasing trend in energy available for final consumption, with a peak reached in 2005 of 139 Mtoe. Subsequently, a reversal of the trend was noted, reaching a minimum reached in 2014 (114 Mtoe). Until 2018, a recovery in final consumption was observed, followed by a decline in 2019 and a sudden reduction in 2020 due to the lockdown of economic activities to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, followed by a recovery in consumption in 2021, and then a decline in the following two years. In 2024, the energy available for final consumption, accounted for according to the methodology adopted by Eurostat, is equal to 109.3 Mtoe, +0.4% compared to 2023.

The indicator concerns the emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere that influence climate balances. In 2024, energy processes were at the origin of 95.4% of carbon dioxide emissions, 12.4% of methane emissions and 25.1% of nitrous oxide emissions, while they did not contribute to the emissions of fluorinated substances; overall, 81% of greenhouse gas emissions were of energy origin. Between 1995 and 2024, the trend in greenhouse gas emissions from energy processes initially paralleled that of energy consumption. However, from 2004 onwards there has been a progressive decoupling, which has become more pronounced in recent years. This turning point is not due to economic decline - given that GDP shows a general upward trend - but rather to a clear reduction in energy intensity, the replacement of fuels with a high carbon content with natural gas and the growing share of renewable sources in the electricity sector and industry. In 2024 there will be a reduction in emissions from energy processes of 3.5% compared to 2023.

The indicator evaluates the trend of greenhouse gas emissions from energy processes for the different sectors, in order to reduce the impact of energy use on climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions from energy processes in the period 1990-2024 decreased by 31% with different trends for the various sectors, while in the civil sector they decreased by 16% compared to 1990, in the transport sector they increased by 10%. In the same period, emissions from the energy industry sector fell by 55% while those from manufacturing industries showed a reduction of 50%. In 2024, emissions from energy processes were 294.5 million tonnes of CO ₂  equivalent (-3.5% compared to the previous year). 

The indicator consists of the ratio between atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases and final energy consumption by sector. The average value of emission intensities shows a difference between the sectors in relation to the different diffusion of renewable sources. Overall, emission intensity for final uses decreased by 29.8% from 1990 to 2024. The data shows that policies for the decarbonisation of energy consumption have produced appreciable results in the sectors of electricity production and in the manufacturing industry. On the contrary, the transport sector, decidedly less centralized than the sectors mentioned, represents the real "hard core" and the main challenge for the coming years.

The energy intensity indicator expresses the relationship between energy consumption (whether gross or final) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expressed at chain-linked market prices. This parameter represents a fundamental measure of the energy efficiency of an entire economic system, indicating how much energy is consumed to generate a unit of wealth. The analysis of the Italian time series between 1995 and 2024 reveals a progressive and structural decoupling between economic growth and energy consumption. In the face of economic fluctuations, the Italian productive and civil system has recorded a clear increase in efficiency, significantly reducing the quantity of energy necessary to produce national wealth, driven above all by the technological transformation of the industrial and civil sectors.

The internal comparison within the European Union highlights that Italy's primary and final energy intensity is lower than the European average due to the historical shortage of primary energy sources (which has favored the creation of economical behaviors and infrastructures in the use of energy and a production structure that is not excessively energy-intensive), the strong taxation (which has increased the cost of energy sources to end users beyond the values ​​of other countries), the lower per capita income, and the relatively mild climate. According to an increasing ranking of gross energy intensity values, Italy ranks 7th among the countries of the European Union.

The indicator provides the evaluation, expressed in mm, of the height of water, compared to the surface of the national territory, which falls to the ground (both in liquid and solid form) for each month and for the entire year. 

The indicator relating to 2025 is compared, for each month of the year, with the corresponding average values ​​for the period 1951–2025 obtained using the same methodology. In 2025, the value of total annual precipitation in Italy was 962.9 mm (290.9 billion cubic metres), 1% greater than the corresponding long-term average value (LTAA- Long-Term Annual Average ) and 2% compared to the annual average over the last thirty climatological years 1991–2020.

Going down to the regional and district level, the situation is very diversified, with Northern Italy being affected in 2025 by quantities of precipitation higher than the long-term averages. On the other hand, the precipitation anomaly compared to the LTAA was negative in the Center and South and the major islands.

The indicator evaluates greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transport sector to verify the achievement of national and international objectives. In 2024 in Italy, transport is responsible for 31.2% of total greenhouse gas emissions. In the period 1990 - 2019, emissions from the transport sector (excluding international transport/bunkers) grew by 4.0%; in 2020 there was a marked reduction (-18.6% compared to 2019) fundamentally attributable to the mobility restriction measures due to the pandemic crisis, subsequently, from 2020 to 2021, there was an increase in emissions equal to 18.9%. From 2022 there will be a return to pre-pandemic levels. Overall, sector emissions from 1990 to 2024 increase by 10.9%. Various critical issues characterize the national transport system, which is far from the ambitious 2030 and 2050 objectives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions at a European level.

The indicator represents the projections of national greenhouse gas emissions up to 2055, considering the scenario based on current policies as of 12/31/2022, therefore including those of the PNRR and the scenario with the additional policies and measures defined by the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC). The scenario was calculated starting from the latest consolidated historical data relating to 2024, as well as from the expected evolution of the main macroeconomic drivers according to the indications provided to the European Commission. The information available for 2025, as well as the data relating to the first months of 2026, were also taken into consideration. The expected reductions in total greenhouse gas emissions (including LULUCF) estimated for 2030, compared to 1990, in the scenario with current policies and in the scenario with additional policies are equal to -44% and -55% respectively.

The indicator Internal flow provides the annual estimate, expressed in mm, of the quantity of renewable water resource that is naturally produced in a given area as a result of rainfall. The indicator is calculated for each year from 1951 to 2025.

In 2025 the value of the indicator at national level is 423.8 mm, corresponding to 128 billion cubic metres. The average value of the indicator compared to the national territory of the last thirty climatological years 1991–2020 is 442.6 mm, corresponding to 133.7 billion cubic meters, while the long-term average 1951–2025 (so-called LTAA‒ Long-Term Annual Average ) is 457.2 mm, corresponding to 138.1 billion cubic meters.

2025 was characterized by a negative anomaly of the renewable water resource both compared to the long-term average (–7.4%) and compared to the last thirty climatological years (–4.3%). The gap increases if the data is compared with the value of the indicator estimated in 2024, equal to 524.2 mm (–19.2%). At a national level, the availability of renewable water resources continues to show a statistically significant negative trend from 1951 to today.

The indicator provides on an annual basis the evaluation, expressed as a percentage, of the relationship between the annual volume of runoff (surface runoff) and the annual volume of precipitation. This indicator aims to provide an evaluation of the quantity of water that is directly transformed into surface runoff compared to the total rainfall and to evaluate the long-term trend, also in relation to the possible impact due to climate change. The annual values ​​of the indicator are also compared with the corresponding average value calculated over the entire period 1951–2025.

The analysis of the data for 2025 highlights an indicator value of 24.4%, remaining below the long-term historical average (25.2%). This finding marks a change in trend compared to 2024, the year in which an above-average value was recorded (26.2%). Despite this decline, the data still remains above the critical level of 2022, when the historical series had reached its second absolute minimum (18.5%).

The indicator provides an evaluation of humidity conditions ( precipitation surplus compared to climatology ) and drought ( precipitation deficit compared to climatology ) to which the national territory is subject, in terms of status and trends. For each month from 1952 to 2025, the percentage of Italian territory subject to deficit and/or surplus precipitation conditions is expressed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) relating to the aggregate precipitation on the 3 and 12 month time scale. 

Overall on a national scale, 2025 was characterized by substantially average precipitation, where however Northern Italy recorded a surplus while Central Italy, the South and the major islands continued to be characterized by a precipitation deficit, although less burdensome than the previous year. 

This determined maximum percentage values ​​of the national territory characterized by "extreme drought" (SPI ≤ –2.0) equal to 0.86% and 0.5%, respectively for the cumulative precipitation over 3 months and that cumulative over 12 months. The maximum percentage of national territory characterized by "severe or moderate drought" (–2.0 < SPI ≤ –1.0) was, however, 31.6% on a time scale of 3 months and 12.2% on a time scale of 12 months. On the other hand, on the 3-month time scale, maximum values ​​in the year of the percentage of the national territory characterized by "extreme humidity" (SPI ≥ 2.0) were 3.0%, while the maximum value relating to "severe or moderate humidity" (1.0 ≤ SPI < 2.0) was equal to 28.6%. On a 12-month time scale, the percentage of the country affected by “extreme humidity” reached a high of 10.4%, while the percentage with “severe or moderate humidity” reached a high of 30.6%.

The wildfire phenomenon, analyzed on the basis of data collected from 1970 to 2024 by CUFA of the Carabinieri Corps (formerly the State Forestry Corps), shows a fluctuating trend, with peak years (1993, 2007, 2017, 2021) alternating with periods of decline (2013, 2014, 2018, 2024).
Wildfires occurring within Protected Areas (recorded since 2003), although showing annual fluctuations, remain at high levels, with an average of 11,000 hectares burned over the last three years.
The incidence of deliberately caused fires is very high, representing about half of all recorded events and exceeding 60% in some years.

The efficiency indicator, developed for the years 1995–2023, expresses carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added in manufacturing and construction industry in Italy. The substantial reduction in emission intensity over time (–45.5% between 1995 and 2023) indicates an improvement in the efficiency level achieved by the Italian manufacturing and construction sectors.

The indicator provides an estimate of the input and removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively produced by farmed fish and cultivated mussels, in the coastal marine environment where aquaculture activities take place.
The balance between nutrient inputs from farmed fish and nutrient removal by molluscs allows the estimation, at the regional scale, of the net quantitative contribution of aquaculture to trophic processes along the Italian coastline.
At the national level, compared with the 2021–2022 biennium, 2023 shows a reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, but also a decrease in the removal of these nutrients due to a decline in the production of both marine fish and farmed mussels.
At the regional level, in Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Abruzzo, Molise and Marche, nitrogen and phosphorus removal by mussels exceeds nutrient inputs from fish farming, owing to the presence of numerous mussel farming facilities and the absence of intensive fish farming activities.

The indicator illustrates electricity consumption in the tourism sector, identified by the ATECO branch “Accommodation and Food Service Activities”. In 2024, electricity consumption in the sector amounts to 89,987 GWh, an increase compared to 2023 (87,565 GWh). The trend confirms the recovery in consumption following the pandemic phase. Considering only accommodation activities, consumption shows differentiated dynamics over time and across space, while within the “accommodation” subcategory the contribution of hotels and similar establishments continues to prevail, albeit within a context of gradual diversification of accommodation types.

The indicator provides information on the main landslide events that caused fatalities, injuries, evacuations, and damage to buildings, cultural heritage assets, primary linear communication infrastructures, and service networks across the national territory over the past year. In 2024, there were 185 major landslide events, resulting in 5 deaths, 18 injuries, and predominantly causing damage to the road network and buildings.

The indicator evaluates the demand for freight transport (also in relation to economic growth) and the evolution over time of modal split. The transport demand is increasingly met by road freight transport, which continues to dominate other transport modes in terms of growth and modal share (approximately 59% in 2024).

The indicator measures passenger transport demand (according to different modes) and compares its trend with that of economic growth and population. Transport demand is increasingly met by individual road transport (passenger cars and motorcycles), which, due to its growth and modal share (approximately 79% in 2024), remains dominant compared to other transport modes.

Ocean warming is causing a geographical and depth shift in marine species more sensitive to temperature changes. In temperate zones, such as the Mediterranean, this phenomenon results in a northward expansion of warm-affinity species. Consequently, the composition of marine communities changes, affecting commercial fishery landings.

This phenomenon is described by an indicator known in scientific literature as the “Mean Temperature of the Catch (MTC),” which represents the average thermal affinity of commercial fishing catches. In the Adriatic Sea (FAO Division 37.2.1), the average thermal affinity of the catches of Italian fleets increased from 19.2 °C (average 1987–1996) to 20 °C (average 2013–2023), with a significant annual increase of 0.03 °C; in the Ionian Sea – Central Mediterranean (FAO Division 37.2.2), it increased from 20.3 to 22.2 °C, with a significant annual increase of 0.07 °C; in the Sea of Sardinia – Western Mediterranean (FAO Division 37.1.3), from 20.5 to 22.5 °C, with a significant annual increase of 0.07 °C.

This indicator provides an overview of the health status of common migratory passerine bird populations in Europe by assessing the resilience of migratory species to climate change. Rising spring temperatures due to global warming lead to an earlier onset of vegetation growth and, consequently, an earlier peak in insect abundance. As a result, if migratory birds do not arrive at their breeding sites earlier by the same degree, they will not find an abundance of prey when they need to feed their chicks. Failure to bring forward the migration date results in low resilience of migratory populations to climate change, with negative effects on their survival. We therefore analyzed the temporal variation in the arrival dates of migratory passerines at stopover sites used after crossing the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea during their spring journey from Africa to European breeding grounds. Based on an analysis of the migration dates of 10 bird species recorded at 26 banding stations participating in ISPRA’s Small Islands Project during the period 1988–2025 (38 years), it was found that 80% of the species considered show a shift in migration dates that is too slow (approximately 1 day every 7+ years) to be considered sufficient to counteract the effects of climate change.

The indicator measures the increase in the average sea level in Venice, being of fundamental importance for the studies and conservation interventions of the city of Venice, as well as the lagoons and high Adriatic coastal areas at risk of flooding. In Venice, the average sea level has increased since the beginning of the recordings: in the period 1872-2024 the level increases by an average of 2.6 mm / year, with a trend not always constant and uniform over time. In this regard, it is considered appropriate to highlight the rate for the last thirty years (1993-2024), where the average sea level rise is almost doubled (4.8 mm/year).

In 2023, Italy experienced one of the hottest years in the last 150 years, second only to 2022. The average and maximum temperatures reached new records with October recording temperatures more than 3°C higher than the 1991-2021 average, marking the highest value since 1961. During the summer, intense heatwaves affected the country, with record temperatures of 48.2°C recorded on July 24 in Jerzu and Lotzorai in Sardinia, and 41.2°C in Rome in early August. Drought continued to be a significant problem, with Northern and Central Italy experiencing severe drought conditions in the first four months of the year, which later eased. However, in the last three months of the year, Sicily and parts of Ionian Calabria suffered from extreme drought with a significant precipitation deficit.
Extreme weather events affected several regions, causing severe damage. In May, Emilia-Romagna was devastated by two exceptional rainfall events, leading to flooding, landslides, and 17 fatalities. On November 2, heavy thunderstorms in Tuscany caused flooding and 8 deaths, with exceptional rainfall recorded in the provinces of Pisa, Livorno, Pistoia, and Prato.
In summary, 2023 was characterized by record temperatures, persistent drought, and extreme weather events that had a significant impact on various italian regions.

The indicator is calculated for a limited sample of Alpine glaciers and represents the algebraic sum of ice mass gained through snowfall accumulation and mass lost through melting during the ablation period. Glacier mass balance data provide a fundamental measure for assessing the "health status" of glaciers.

Analysis of data from 1995 to 2023 shows that, for the glaciers considered collectively, the cumulative mass balance exhibits significant losses, ranging from nearly 25 meters water equivalent for the Basòdino glacier to over 50 meters water equivalent for the Caresèr glacier, corresponding to an average annual mass loss exceeding one meter water equivalent.

This indicator measures the health impact of heatwaves on the elderly population (aged 65 and over) across 27 Italian cities included in the National Heatwave Health Prevention and Warning Plan. The plan is implemented by the National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CCM) of the Ministry of Health and coordinated by the Epidemiology Department of the Lazio Regional Health Service (DEP Lazio). The cities are equipped with Heat Health Watch Warning (HHWW) systems to provide forecasts and alerts.

The summer of 2023 (15 May – 15 September) was characterized by temperatures above the seasonal reference average. Despite these elevated temperatures, observed mortality in the elderly population remained generally within expected levels. Monthly impact assessments highlighted increases in mortality rates associated with heatwave episodes during July and August in several monitored urban areas.

This indicator provides critical information for monitoring climate-related health risks and supports adaptation strategies aimed at reducing adverse health effects of heatwaves on vulnerable population groups.

An economic system operates through energy inputs. The total energy consumption of resident units indicates the amount of energy used by economic activities and households for production and consumption activities, distinguishing energy uses from non-energy uses.

In 2021, the total energy consumption in Italy amounted to 7.05 exajoules, a 17.1% reduction compared to 2008. The total consumption is almost entirely for energy uses. In 2021, over two-thirds of the total energy use is attributable to productive activities. Among these, the top six activities for energy use (slightly more than half of total use) contribute to nearly 7% of Italy's Gross Domestic Product. 31% of the total energy use is due to household consumption (mainly heating/cooling and transport).

ISPRA also estimates the internal energy footprint, which allows the analysis of energy uses from the perspective of final domestic demand, highlighting the direct and indirect energy amounts embedded in the goods and services offered on the domestic market by Italian production chains.

Regional Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Plans are the primary tools available to regional authorities to address the impacts of climate change and implement actions aimed at reducing territorial vulnerabilities. In Italy, the number of adopted regional strategies and plans remains very limited. Despite the absence of a binding regulatory framework and a national programmatic reference context, there are ongoing initiatives, projects, and climate vulnerability studies that are expected to lead toward the formal adoption of first Adaptation Strategies and subsequently Climate Change Adaptation Plans. The challenge posed by climate change urgently requires the definition and implementation of concrete actions to enhance territorial resilience.