Barbara Lastoria
The indicator provides a representation of the trend of the average monthly temperatures recorded in the provincial capital city/region during 2025, compared with that of the average monthly temperatures calculated for the same locations on the thirty-year period 1961-1990. During 2025 there was a general increase in average monthly temperatures compared to the reference period, with exceedances of the reference values on average for 11 months and in particular in the winter months. It is mainly the cities of the North where temperature increases take on significant values in particular in January, February and December. It should be noted that in the summer months the increases in temperature values, in most of the capitals, were on average lower than in the remaining months of the year.
It is a state indicator that measures the air temperature. The temperature measurement is carried out by the regional structures taken over from the peripheral offices of the National Hydrographic and Tidal Service (SIMN) according to standards and procedures standardized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and transposed by the SIMN in the notebook "Technical rules for the collection and processing of hydrometeorological data - part I" in compliance with the WMO standards.
The determination of the trend of air temperatures is a first step for the evaluation of the volume of water returned for evapotranspiration, a fundamental component in the hydrological balance equation. Knowledge of air temperatures is necessary to assess climate change and induced phenomena (sea level, drought, desertification).
The current legislation does not set specific environmental objectives.
- WMO (2008) No. 168: Guide to Hydrological Practices Volume I: Hydrology, From Measurement to Hydrological Information.
- Servizio Idrografico e Mareografico Nazionale, Roma 1997 - Norme tecniche per la raccolta e l’elaborazione dei dati idrometeorologici.
- Servizio Idrografico e Mareografico Nazionale - Pubblicazione n. 17, Roma 1970 Servizio Idrografico e Mareografico Nazionale - Annali Idrologici.
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ARPA/APPA, Civil Protection Functional Centers
The temperature data are among the weather-hydrological data and are therefore published by the regional and provincial structures to which, according to Article 92 of the D. Legislative Decree No. 112 of 31 March 1998, functions and duties of the peripheral offices of the National Hydrographic and Tidal Service (SIMN, now merged into ISPRA) of the Department for National Technical Services, were transferred. In most cases, the average monthly temperature figure comes from ARPA/APPA or the Civil Protection Functional Centers that publish them on the relevant sites within thematic pages intended for weather-hydrological monitoring.
Provincial capitals
1961-1990, 2025
Average monthly temperatures of the observed year/average monthly temperatures of the reference thirty years
The indicator results from the surveys that are carried out according to the standards and procedures standardized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
During 2025 there was a general increase in average monthly temperatures compared to the reference period, with exceedances of the reference values on average for 11 months and in particular in the winter months (Figure 1). With the exception of the summer months, all the cities considered have marked exceedances of the average reference temperatures. In particular, in January, temperature increases averaged more than 100%, with more marked increases in northern and smaller cities in the South and Islands in which increases remained below 40% for January and 15% considering the whole year (Figure 1). It should be noted that the only months in which there were lower temperature values than the reference period in at least three capitals are July (Trento, Udine and Venice), September (Udine, Venice and Genoa) and October (Udine, Genoa, Florence and Potenza).
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Figure 1: Comparison between the trend of the average monthly temperatures of 2025 and those for the thirty-year period 1961-1990 for the measuring stations represented in Figure 2. Data source
ISPRA, ARPA/APPA, Regional Civil Protection Functional Centers |
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Figure 1: Comparison between the trend of the average monthly temperatures of 2025 and those for the thirty-year period 1961-1990 for the measuring stations represented in Figure 2. Data source
ISPRA, ARPA/APPA, Regional Civil Protection Functional Centers |
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Figure 1 (continued): Comparison between the trend of the average monthly temperatures of 2025 and those for the thirty-year period 1961-1990 for the measuring stations represented in Figure 2. Data source
ISPRA, ARPA/APPA, Regional Civil Protection Functional Centers |
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Figure 1 (continued): Comparison between the trend of the average monthly temperatures of 2025 and those for the thirty-year period 1961-1990 for the measuring stations represented in Figure 2. Data source
ISPRA, ARPA/APPA, Regional Civil Protection Functional Centers |
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Figure 2: Map of the thermometric stations considered Data source
ISPRA |
Compared to the thirty years of reference in 2025, it is mainly the cities of the North in which the temperature increases, which in any case concern in an almost generalized way a large part of the national territory, assume significant values. This occurs in particular in January, February and December (Figure 1) in which the northern capitals mark on average increases of the order of 260%, 140% and 50% respectively. In terms of persistence, it should be noted that there are 12 capitals, distributed throughout the territory with the exception of the islands, where for all 12 months of the year the average monthly temperatures are above the reference values. However, 11 capitals have been in which for at least 3 months the temperature has been 30% higher than the reference values. In 2025 the only months in which the temperature increases compared to the reference values for all the capitals remained below 10% are August and September.