The indicator describes the amount and distribution of total precipitation in Italy. In 2023, the annual cumulative precipitation in Italy was approximately 4% lower than the average value calculated over the 1991–2020 reference period.

This indicator describes trends in cold extremes across Italy, specifically quantifying the number of frost days, defined as days with daily minimum air temperature less than or equal to 0°C. In 2023, a reduction of approximately 10 frost days was observed compared to the 1991–2020 climatological baseline.

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy. A heat wave is defined as an event lasting at least 6 consecutive days during which the maximum temperature exceeds the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature distribution for the same period of the year over the 30-year climatological reference period. The indicator counts the number of days characterized by such heat waves in a given year. In 2023, an increase of approximately 29 heat wave days was observed compared to the average value calculated over the reference 30-year period (1991–2020).

The indicator describes the trend of mean temperature in Italy.
The increase in mean temperature recorded in Italy over the last thirty years has often exceeded the global average over land. In 2023, the mean temperature anomaly in Italy, relative to the 1991–2020 climatological baseline, was +1.14 °C—higher than the global land surface anomaly of +0.86 °C. In Italy, 2023 ranked as the second warmest year in the entire annual time series starting from 1961. Since 2000, temperature anomalies relative to the 1991–2020 baseline have consistently been positive, except for four years (2004, 2005, 2010, and 2013).

The indicator describes the trend in extreme heat events in Italy, specifically representing the number of days with a maximum daily air temperature exceeding 25 °C. In 2023, an increase of approximately 19 summer days was observed compared to the climatological average for the 1991–2020 reference period.

The indicator describes the trend in extreme heat events in Italy, specifically representing the number of days with a minimum daily air temperature exceeding 20 °C. In 2023, an increase of approximately 14 tropical nights was observed compared to the climatological average for the 1991–2020 reference period.

The indicator describes the trend in extreme heat events in Italy, specifically representing the number of days with a daily maximum air temperature exceeding 35 °C. In 2023, an increase of approximately 7 extremely hot days was observed compared to the climatological average for the 1991–2020 reference period.