The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy. A heat wave is an event lasting at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature is above the 90th percentile of the distribution of daily maximum temperatures in the same period of the year over a thirty-year climatological period. The indicator counts the number of days characterized by a heat wave, as defined, in a year. In 2025, an increase of 16.2 days of heat waves was observed compared to the average value calculated for the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

The indicator describes the trend of average temperatures in Italy. The increase in average temperatures recorded in Italy over the last thirty years is often greater than the global average on land. In 2025, the anomaly, compared to the 1991-2020 climatological average, in the average temperature in Italy (+1.03 °C) was greater than the global average on land (+0.85 °C). In Italy, 2025 was the fourth warmest year in the entire annual series since 1961. Since 2000, anomalies compared to the 1991-2020 climatological baseline have always been positive, with the exception of four years (2004, 2005, 2010, and 2013).

The indicator describes the trend of intense cold weather in Italy, more precisely, it expresses the number of days with an absolute minimum air temperature less than or equal to 0°C. In 2025, a decrease of 15.4 days with frost was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy, specifically expressing the number of days with minimum air temperatures above 20°C. In 2025, an increase of 10.1 tropical nights was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

The indicator describes the amount and distribution of precipitation in Italy. In 2025, cumulative annual precipitation in Italy was overall close to the 1991-2020 climatic average (+1%). The precipitation anomaly was negative in the South and Islands (-5%), positive in the North (+7%), and close to average in Central Italy.

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy, more precisely, it expresses the number of days with maximum air temperatures above 35°C. In 2025, an increase of 7.0 torrid days was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy, more precisely, it expresses the number of days with maximum air temperatures above 25°C. In 2025, an increase of 8.4 summer days was observed compared to the average value calculated in the thirty-year reference period (1991-2020).

This indicator measures the health impact of heatwaves on the elderly population (aged 65 and over) across 27 Italian cities included in the National Heatwave Health Prevention and Warning Plan. The plan is implemented by the National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CCM) of the Ministry of Health and coordinated by the Epidemiology Department of the Lazio Regional Health Service (DEP Lazio). The cities are equipped with Heat Health Watch Warning (HHWW) systems to provide forecasts and alerts.

The summer of 2023 (15 May – 15 September) was characterized by temperatures above the seasonal reference average. Despite these elevated temperatures, observed mortality in the elderly population remained generally within expected levels. Monthly impact assessments highlighted increases in mortality rates associated with heatwave episodes during July and August in several monitored urban areas.

This indicator provides critical information for monitoring climate-related health risks and supports adaptation strategies aimed at reducing adverse health effects of heatwaves on vulnerable population groups.

The indicator is calculated for a limited sample of Alpine glaciers and represents the algebraic sum of ice mass gained through snowfall accumulation and mass lost through melting during the ablation period. Glacier mass balance data provide a fundamental measure for assessing the "health status" of glaciers.

Analysis of data from 1995 to 2023 shows that, for the glaciers considered collectively, the cumulative mass balance exhibits significant losses, ranging from nearly 25 meters water equivalent for the Basòdino glacier to over 50 meters water equivalent for the Caresèr glacier, corresponding to an average annual mass loss exceeding one meter water equivalent.

Regional Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Plans are the primary tools available to regional authorities to address the impacts of climate change and implement actions aimed at reducing territorial vulnerabilities. In Italy, the number of adopted regional strategies and plans remains very limited. Despite the absence of a binding regulatory framework and a national programmatic reference context, there are ongoing initiatives, projects, and climate vulnerability studies that are expected to lead toward the formal adoption of first Adaptation Strategies and subsequently Climate Change Adaptation Plans. The challenge posed by climate change urgently requires the definition and implementation of concrete actions to enhance territorial resilience.