The indicator is defined as the number of volcanic eruptions that produced significant impacts on human activities during the year.
In 2024, both Etna and Stromboli were active, with the most pronounced peaks occurring between July and August.

The cultural heritage sites located within the high-hazard zone estimated by ISPRA amount to 4,948, representing 2% of the total, while those within the moderate-hazard buffer total 7,601, accounting for 3.3% of Italy’s cultural heritage (229,530 sites).