In Italy, geothermal energy, renewable and sustainable, is concentrated in 10 concessions in Tuscany with 34 plants that, in 2023, produced 5,692 GWh, covering 31% of the regional demand and 70% of Tuscany's renewable energy sources.

The direct uses of geothermal heat (climate control, spa use, district heating) and geothermal heat pumps, about 20,000, are growing but still underutilized compared to Northern European countries. The environmental impact is limited and mitigated by abatement systems (AMIS) and reinjection of fluids. Italian resources, concentrated in the Tuscan-Lazio area, also show potential for recovery of strategic elements such as lithium, crucial for the energy transition.

The indicator quantifies fossil fuel mineral resource extraction activities (oil and gas) in Italy, providing data on site locations, production, reserves, and potential environmental impacts. As of 30 November 2024, there are 154 production concessions (55 offshore), 23 exploration permits (6 offshore), and 15 gas storage concessions, mostly concentrated in the Po Valley. Oil production, concentrated in Basilicata (91% of the national total), remains stable, while gas production is declining, with 3 billion Sm³ extracted in 2023. The suspension of exploration activities since 2019 and the introduction of the PiTESAI plan have reduced the number of concessions, thereby mitigating environmental impact. Italy's proven reserves amount to 41.8 billion Sm³ of gas (65.2% onshore) and 84.6 million tonnes of oil, mainly in Basilicata and Sicily.