The cultural heritage sites located within the high-hazard zone estimated by ISPRA amount to 4,948, representing 2% of the total, while those within the moderate-hazard buffer total 7,601, accounting for 3.3% of Italy’s cultural heritage (229,530 sites).

The indicator is defined by the number of volcanic eruptions that have had significant effects in terms of interference with human activities over the course of the year. Regarding the reference year (2023), there was continuous eruptive activity from Etna and Strombolian activity with occasional intensity peaks at Stromboli.