The indicator describes the amount and distribution of total precipitation in Italy. In 2023, the annual cumulative precipitation in Italy was approximately 4% lower than the average value calculated over the 1991–2020 reference period.

This indicator describes trends in cold extremes across Italy, specifically quantifying the number of frost days, defined as days with daily minimum air temperature less than or equal to 0°C. In 2023, a reduction of approximately 10 frost days was observed compared to the 1991–2020 climatological baseline.

The indicator represents projections of national greenhouse gas emissions up to 2040, based on the current policies scenario as of 31/12/2022, including those implemented under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), as well as the additional policies and measures scenario defined in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (INECP). The scenarios are calculated starting from the most recent consolidated historical data for 2022, and reflect the expected evolution of key macroeconomic drivers as reported to the European Commission. The projected reductions in total greenhouse gas emissions (including LULUCF) by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, are estimated at -38% under the current policies scenario and -49% under the additional measures scenario.

The indicator describes the trend of intense heat events in Italy. A heat wave is defined as an event lasting at least 6 consecutive days during which the maximum temperature exceeds the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature distribution for the same period of the year over the 30-year climatological reference period. The indicator counts the number of days characterized by such heat waves in a given year. In 2023, an increase of approximately 29 heat wave days was observed compared to the average value calculated over the reference 30-year period (1991–2020).

The indicator describes the trend of mean temperature in Italy.
The increase in mean temperature recorded in Italy over the last thirty years has often exceeded the global average over land. In 2023, the mean temperature anomaly in Italy, relative to the 1991–2020 climatological baseline, was +1.14 °C—higher than the global land surface anomaly of +0.86 °C. In Italy, 2023 ranked as the second warmest year in the entire annual time series starting from 1961. Since 2000, temperature anomalies relative to the 1991–2020 baseline have consistently been positive, except for four years (2004, 2005, 2010, and 2013).

The indicator describes the trend in extreme heat events in Italy, specifically representing the number of days with a maximum daily air temperature exceeding 25 °C. In 2023, an increase of approximately 19 summer days was observed compared to the climatological average for the 1991–2020 reference period.

The indicator describes the trend in extreme heat events in Italy, specifically representing the number of days with a minimum daily air temperature exceeding 20 °C. In 2023, an increase of approximately 14 tropical nights was observed compared to the climatological average for the 1991–2020 reference period.

The indicator describes the trend in extreme heat events in Italy, specifically representing the number of days with a daily maximum air temperature exceeding 35 °C. In 2023, an increase of approximately 7 extremely hot days was observed compared to the climatological average for the 1991–2020 reference period.

The indicator describes the trend of national emissions of acidifying substances SOx, NOx, and NH3, both at the total and sectoral levels, highlighting the decreasing trend from 1990 to 2022 (-72.3%). With reference to Directive 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council, concerning the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, which defines the national emission reduction commitments relative to 2005, applicable from 2020 to 2029 and from 2030 onwards, sulfur oxides and ammonia have already reached the reduction target for 2020 by 2009; whereas nitrogen oxides reached it in 2014.

The indicator represents the trend of national particulate matter (PM10) emissions by source sector from 1990 to 2022, showing a significant overall reduction over the years (-40.5%). The road transport sector, which contributes 10% to total emissions in 2022, shows a reduction of 65.6% over the entire period. Emissions from non-industrial combustion, on the other hand, have increased by approximately 37.6% during the same period, becoming the most significant sector in 2022, accounting for 45.3% of total emissions.

The indicator illustrates the national emission trends of tropospheric ozone precursors—namely nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs)—disaggregated by emission source sector. A significant overall decline is observed between 1990 and 2022, amounting to -71% for NOx and -58% for NMVOCs, primarily driven by substantial reductions in emissions from the transport sector.

The indicator represents the trend of national emissions of particulate matter (PM2.5) by source sector from 1990 to 2022, highlighting a significant overall reduction over the years (-39%). The road transport sector, which contributes 9.3% of total emissions in 2022, shows a 75% decrease over the entire period. Emissions from non-industrial combustion, during the same period, increased by almost 38%, making it the most significant sector in 2022, accounting for 63.8% of total emissions.

The indicator is calculated for a limited sample of Alpine glaciers and represents the algebraic sum of ice mass gained through snowfall accumulation and mass lost through melting during the ablation period. Glacier mass balance data provide a fundamental measure for assessing the "health status" of glaciers.

Analysis of data from 1995 to 2023 shows that, for the glaciers considered collectively, the cumulative mass balance exhibits significant losses, ranging from nearly 25 meters water equivalent for the Basòdino glacier to over 50 meters water equivalent for the Caresèr glacier, corresponding to an average annual mass loss exceeding one meter water equivalent.

The indicator represents, over the period 1990-2022, the trend of greenhouse gas emissions in Italy per capita and relative to GDP. A decrease is observed for both, accentuated by the growth of the population and GDP, which highlights a decoupling between drivers and pressures.

The indicator represents the historical series of national greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2022, broken down by sector. The data analysis shows a significant reduction in emissions in 2022 compared to 1990 (-21%), which can be explained by the economic recession that has slowed consumption in recent years, as well as by an increased use of renewable energy, leading to a reduction in CO2 emissions from the energy sector (-20% compared to 1990).

The indicator includes the emission allowances generated by installations covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), established under Directive 2003/87/EC, and the greenhouse gas emissions from all sectors not included in the ETS scope—namely small- and medium-scale industry, transport, residential and commercial buildings, agriculture, and waste. These are regulated under Decision No. 406/2009/EC (Effort Sharing Decision, ESD) up to 2020, and by the Effort Sharing Regulation (EU) 2018/842 (ESR) from 2021 onward. While non-ETS sector emissions in 2020 remained below the target threshold of 37 MtCO₂eq, in 2022 they exceeded the allowable limit by 5.5 MtCO₂eq, indicating a deviation from the reduction trajectory required to meet ESR targets.

The indicator represents the historical series of national heavy metal emissions from 1990 to 2022, by source sector. Since 1990, a reduction in emissions has been recorded for all metals. In particular, emissions of cadmium, mercury, and lead are in line with the internationally set targets under the Aarhus Protocol, having decreased by -63%, -64%, and -95%, respectively, compared to 1990 levels.

The indicator represents the trend of national persistent organic pollutant emissions by sector, from 1990 to 2022. The target set as a lower emission value than in 1990 was achieved for both PAHs (-30%) and dioxins and furans (-43%), with different trends.